ABSTRACT
Since 2006, meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) conjugate (MCC) vaccines have been supplied by the Brazilian government for HIV-infected children under 13 years old. For measuring protection against MenC, the serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assay is the method of choice. The characterization of T follicular helper cells (TFH) cells has been an area of intensive study because of their significance in multiple human diseases and in vaccinology. The objective of this study was to characterize the phenotype of peripheral TFH cells and B cells and how they associated with each other and with SBA levels induced by vaccination as well as with serum cytokine levels of HIV-infected and non-infected children and adolescents. We found that CD27-IgD-CD21-CD38+ (exhausted B cells) as well as short-lived plasmablasts (CD27+IgD-CD21-CD38+) are increased in cART treated HIV patients and negatively associated with MCC vaccine induced SBA levels. Baseline frequency of activated peripheral TFH cells was a negative correlate for SBA response to MCC vaccine but positively correlated with circulating plasmablast frequency. Baseline IL4-levels positively associated with SBA response but showed a negative correlation with activated peripheral TFH cells frequency. The increased frequency of activated peripheral TFH cells found in non-responders to the vaccine implies that higher activation/differentiation of CD4 T cells within the lymph node is not necessarily associated with induction of vaccine responses.
Subject(s)
B-Lymphocytes/immunology , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV-1/physiology , Meningitis, Bacterial/immunology , Meningococcal Vaccines/immunology , Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C/physiology , T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology , Adolescent , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Blood Circulation , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Disease Resistance , Female , Germinal Center/immunology , Humans , Interleukin-4/blood , Lymphocyte Activation , Male , Prospective Studies , VaccinationABSTRACT
A topografia da papila parotídea e seu ducto excretor têm sido objeto de pesquisas, devido ao seu uso em técnicas de exames clínicos e cirurgias. O presente trabalho visou determinar a localização da abertura do ducto parotídeo em cães, estabelecendo sua relação com os dentes da arcada superior. Foram examinados 120 animais adultos, 60 machos e 60 fêmeas, da raça Pinscher, dos quais 53 (44,16%) apresentaram a papila parotídea no nível do 4° dente pré-molar superior, 41 (34,17%) entre o 4° pré-molar superior e 1° molar superior e 26 (21,67%) no nível do 1º dente molar superior. Conclui-se que a papila parotídea, em cães da raça Pinscher, ocorre com maior freqüência no nível do 4° dente pré-molar superior, mostrando simetria bilateral, em todos os animais estudados.
The topography of the parotid papilla and its excretory duct has been the object of several studies due to its use in techniques of examination and surgery. The objective of the present work was to determine the location of the opening of the parotid duct in dogs, establishing its relationship with the teeth of the upper arcade. To reach the proposed objective, we examined 120 adults animals, males and females of Pinscher breed, of wich 53 (44,16%) presented the opening of the parotid papilla at the level of the fourth upper premolar tooth, 41 (34,17%) presented it between the fourth upper premolar tooth and first upper molar tooth, and 26 (21,67%) presented it at the level of the first upper molar tooth. It was concluded that the parotid papilla, in dogs of Pinscher breed, occurred with greater frequency at the level of the fourth upper premolar tooth, demonstrating bilateral symmetry in all the animals studied.
La topografía de la papila parotidea y su conducto excretor han sido el centro de algunos estudios, debido a su uso en técnicas de exámenes clínicos y cirurgías. Esta investigación buscó determinar la localización de la abertura del conducto parotideo en perros, estableciendo su relación con los dientes de la arcada superior. Fueron examinados 120 animales adultos, 60 machos y 60 hembras, de la raza Pinscher, de los cuales: 53 (44,16 %) presentaron la papila parotidea en el nivel del 4º (cuarto) diente premolar superior; 41 (34,17 %) entre el 4º (cuarto) premolar superior y el 1º (primer) diente molar superior y 26 (21,67 %) en el nivel del 1º (primer) diente molar superior. Se concluye que la papila parotidea, en perros de laraza Pinscher, ocurre con mayor frecuencia en el nivel del 4º (cuarto) diente premolar superior, señalando simetría bilateral en todos los animales estudiados.
